Wastewater Remediation Technologies Using Macroscopic Graphene-Based Materials: A Perspective

Three-dimensional (3D) graphene-based macrostructures are being developed to combat the issues associated with two-dimensional (2D) graphene materials in practical applications. The 3D (3DMs), for example, membranes, fibres, sponges, beads, and mats, can be formed by self-assembly of 2D precursors exceptional surface area unique chemistry. With rational design, then possess outstanding properties exclusive structures. Thanks various advantages, these competing a variety applications promising performances unlike traditional activated carbons, biochars hydrochars, which have less flexibilities modifications towards versatile However, despite having such wide range applications, 3DMs remain applicable on laboratory scale due factors like cost extensive research. This perspective provides an overview available their diverse synthesis protocols. In synthesis, hydrothermal route, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), wet spinning, printing, vacuum filtration, spray drying emulsion methods highlighted. addition, physio-chemical discussed relationship among porosity, bulk density. also highlights potentials different wastewater remediation adsorption, desalination, catalytic oxidation, etc. Following concluding remarks, future outlooks commercial provided.